Understanding slopes of different equations

An SAT Math micro-topic under Scatterplots (Problem solving and data analysis). Free to read — no account needed.

The slope of a graph is how steeply it rises or falls, and whether it stays the same tells you the type of function.
A slope that never changes belongs to a straight line; a slope that changes belongs to a curve.
slope_types.png
A linear function y=mx+cy = mx + c has a constant slope mm.
Every time xx increases by 11, yy changes by the same amount mm, which is why its graph is a straight line.
Even y=xaby = xa^b is linear, because aba^b is just a constant playing the role of mm.
A quadratic function y=ax2+by = ax^2 + b does not have a constant slope.
Its graph is a U-shape (or an upside-down U), so it falls and then rises, meaning the steepness changes from point to point.
The slope is different everywhere along the curve.
An exponential function y=abxy = ab^x also has a changing slope.
It grows (or decays) by a constant factor rather than a constant amount, so each step in xx multiplies yy, making the curve steepen or flatten.
Adding a constant, as in 20+1.1x20 + 1.1^x, shifts it up but does not make the slope constant.

Worked examples

Which function does NOT have a constant slope?
(A) f(x)=20+3.46xf(x) = 20 + 3.46x
(B) f(x)=20×1.1xf(x) = 20 \times 1.1^x
Choice (A) is in the form mx+cmx + c with m=3.46m = 3.46, so its slope is constant.
Choice (B) is exponential, of the form abxab^x, so its slope changes; (B) is the answer.
Which function has a constant slope?
(A) f(x)=x2+3f(x) = x^2 + 3
(B) f(x)=4xf(x) = 4x
Choice (A) is quadratic, so its U-shaped graph has a changing slope.
Choice (B) is of the form mxmx, a straight line with slope 44, so (B) has the constant slope.
Is f(x)=20+1.1xf(x) = 20 + 1.1^x a constant-slope function?
(A) yes
(B) no
The 1.1x1.1^x term is exponential, and adding 2020 only shifts the graph up without straightening it.
So the slope still changes, and the answer is (B), no.

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